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Thematic Index
Entries Categorized: Criminal law (535)
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2012 Riots
Reading the 2012 Riots Tim Newburn, from the London School of Economics, made a contribution to the 2012 Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, in the category "Crime and Society," under the title "Reading the 2012 Riots". Here is the abstract: This paper looks at the [...]Abduction of women
Abduction of women in the Business Encyclopaedia and Legal Adviser Based on the Business Encyclopaedia and Legal Adviser , by W.S.M. Knight, Barrister –at – Law. Abduction of women.—By an old statute, three years' imprisonment is the punishment of any man who carries away a nun from [...]Abere-murder
Concept of Abere-murder Traditional meaning of abere-murder [1] in the Saxon law history: Wilful murder. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, [...]Abiding By
Concept of Abiding by Traditional meaning of abiding by [1] in scots law: In Scotch law, the judicial declaration of a party that he abides by a deed which has been attacked as forged, at his peril. [rtbs name="scottish-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of [...]Absolute
Concept of Absolute Traditional meaning of absolute [1] in scots law: Unconditional; complete in itself; not relative; final. Absolute conveyance: one without condition or qualification. Absolute estate: one subject to no condition; see Rob. El. L. Rev. ed.,§§ 90-94- Rule absolute: in English [...]Abstract Of Fine
Concept of Abstract of Fine Traditional meaning of abstract of fine [1] in the English common law history: Abstract of Pleas: a short statement of the pleas a defendant intended to plead, attached to the summons for leave to plead several pleas. In English practice, and now obsolete. Abstract [...]Abuse of Process
Definition of Abuse of Process In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Abuse of Process : A tort where damage is caused by using a legal process for an ulterior collateral purpose. (See also malicious prosecution). Actions that are obviously frivolous, [...]Accessary
Concept of Art and Part Traditional meaning of art and part [1] in scots law: A term used in Scotch law of one who is accessary to a crime, or aiding and abetting in it. [rtbs name="scottish-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, [...]Account of Profits
Definition of Account of Profits In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Account of Profits : A remedy that a claimant can claim as an alternative to damages in certain circumstances, e.g. in an action for breach of *copyright. A successful claimant is [...]Accountability In Criminal Justice
Democratic Justice? Contrasting Models of Accountability in English Criminal Justice Elizabeth Ruth Turner, from the Unattached, North Shields, made a contribution to the 2012 Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, in the category "Crime and Society," under the title [...]Acquittal
Acquittal in the Business Encyclopaedia and Legal Adviser Based on the Business Encyclopaedia and Legal Adviser , by W.S.M. Knight, Barrister –at – Law. Acquittal - In the case of a verdict of not guilty; or of a successful plea of pardon; or of a successful plea of autrefois convict or [...]Acre Fight
Concept of Acre Fight Traditional meaning of acre fight [1] in scots law: A camp fight; an ancient duel fought between the English and Scotch, in an open field. [rtbs name="scottish-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, "Acre [...]Action Crimes
Definition of Action Crimes The components of a criminal offence are the actus reus and the mens rea. Definitions of particular crimes The criminal law of England1 is not codified, but is composed of a large number of enactments resting on a basis of common law. A very large part is [...]Acts Of Sederunt
Concept of Acts of Sederunt Traditional meaning of acts of sederunt [1] in scots law: The general rules and orders of the Scotch Court of Sessions. [rtbs name="scottish-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, "Acts of Sederunt", [...]Actus Reus
The elements of a crime: actus reus This section offers a description about the elements of a crime: actus reus in the study of the general principles of Criminal Law. Definition of Actus Reus The actus reus consists of more than just an act. Actus reus in Legal Latin Meaning of the latin [...]Adherence
Concept of Adherence Traditional meaning of adherence [1] in scots law: In Scotch law, an action by either party for the restitution of conjugal rights. [rtbs name="scottish-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, "Adherence", [...]Adjudication
Definition of Adjudication In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Adjudication : 1. The formal judgment or decision of a court or tribunal. 2. A decision by the Commissioners of Inland Revenue as to the amount (if any) of *stamp duty payable on a [...]Adminicle
Concept of Adminicle Traditional meaning of adminicle [1] in scots law: That which aids something else; in Scotch law, a deed or document referring to and proving another. Adminicular: auxiliary to. Adminiculum, I.: adminicle. [rtbs name="scottish-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on [...]Administration Suit
Concept of Administration Suit Traditional meaning of administration suit [1] in the English common law history: A suit brought in chancery, in English practice, by any one interested, for administration of a decedent's estate, when there is doubt as to its solvency. [rtbs [...]Adolescent Violence Towards Parents
Investigating Adolescent Violence Towards Parents: a uk Study Rachel Condry, from the University of Oxford, made a contribution to the 2012 Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, in the category "Traditional and New Forms of Crime and Deviance," under the title [...]Agild
Concept of Agild Traditional meaning of agild [1] in the Saxon law history: Free from penalty; not subject to the customary fine. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, [...]Agiler
Concept of Agiler Traditional meaning of agiler [1] in the Saxon law history: An observer; informer. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, [...]Aid
Concept of Aid Traditional meaning of aid [1] in the English common law history: A service or payment due from tenants in chivalry to their lords; usually either to ransom the lord's person; pur faire I'eigne fitz chivaler, to make the eldest son a knight; or pur I'eigne file marier, to marry [...]Alderman
Definition of Alderman In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Alderman : A senior member of a local authority, elected by its directly elected members. Active aldermanic rank now exists only in the *City of London, having been phased out elsewhere by the [...]Aliment
Concept of Aliment Traditional meaning of aliment [1] in scots law: In Scotch law, to give support to a person unable to support himself; to provide with necessaries. [rtbs name="scottish-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, [...]Ancient Demesne Or Domain
Concept of Ancient Demesne or Domain Traditional meaning of ancient demesne or domain [1] in the English common law history: A tenure existing in certain manors held by the Crown at the time of Edward the Confessor or William the Conqueror. A species of copyhold with fixed services and certain [...]Anglo-Saxon Law
History of Anglo-Saxon Criminal Law The stage which the development of criminal law had reached in England by the reign of Edward the Confessor is thus described by Pollock and Maitland (Hist. Eng. Law, ii. 447): “On the eve of the Norman Conquest what we may call Anglo-Saxon law. the [...]Anticipation
Concept of Anticipation in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined anticipation as follows: One of the grounds upon which a patent can be revoked. Essentially that the invention is not new. In Synthon BV v. Smithkline Beecham plc (20 Oct 2005) [2006] 1 All ER 685, [2005] [...]Antithetarius
English Old Law: Antithetarius in the Past The name given to a man who endeavors to discharge himself of the crime of which he is accused, by retorting the charge on the accuser. He differs from an approver (q, v.) in this, that the latter does not charge the accuser, but others. Jacob's Law [...]Appointed Person
Concept of Appointed Person in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined appointed person as follows: Appeal tribunal from hearing officers’ decisions.Approver
Concept of Approver Traditional meaning of approver [1] in the English common law history: A person indicted of a capital crime who confessed the crime before pleading and accused [appealed] another of the same crime; see 26 IU.173; 4th Book ("Of Public Wrongs"), Blackstone's Commentaries on [...]Article
Definition of Article In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Article : A clause in a document. The plural, articles, is often used to mean the entire document, e.g. *articles of association Article 81 A provision of the Treaty of Rome that prohibits [...]Articles Of The Peace
English Law: Articles of the Peace in the Past An instrument which is presented to a court of competent jurisdiction, in which the exhibitant shows the grievances under which be labors and prays the protection of the court. It is made on oath. See a form in 12 Adol. & Ellis, 599; 40 E. C. L. [...]Artist’s Resale Right
Concept of Artist’s Resale Right in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined artist’s resale right as follows: The right of an artist to claim a portion of subsequent sales of certain types of artistic works.Artistic Work
Concept of Artistic Work in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined artistic work as follows: S.4 (1) of the CDPA defines an artistic work as a graphic work, photograph, sculpture or collage, irrespective of artistic quality, a work of architecture being a building or a [...]Assignment
Definition of Assignment In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Assignment : 1. The transfer of a *chose in action by one person (the assignor) to another (the assignee). By the rules of the common law, this was not permissible. If, for example, A was owed a [...]Assistance
Assistance after the offence This section offers a description about Assistance after the offence in the study of the general principles of Criminal Law.Assithment
Concept of Assythment, Assithment Traditional meaning of assythment, assithment [1] in scots law: An action in Scotch law, brought by the relatives or personal representatives of a murdered person against the guilty person before the trial of the latter. Damages were awarded called an [...]Associations Liability
Vicarious liability and liability of associations This section offers a description about Vicarious liability and liability of associations in the study of the general principles of Criminal Law.Astrihilthet
Concept of Astrihilthet Traditional meaning of astrihilthet [1] in the Saxon law history: A penalty of double the damage for breach of the King's peace. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise [...]Attempt
Definition of Attempt In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Attempt : (in criminal law) Any act that is more than merely preparatory to the intended commission of a crime; this act is itself a crime. For example, shooting at someone but missing could be [...]Audience Court
English Law and Ecclesiastical Law: Audience Court in the Past A court belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury, having the same authority with the court of arches. 4 Inst. 337. [1][rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Partialy, this information [...]Augmentation
English Old Law: Augmentation in the Past The name of a court erected by Henry VIII., which was invested with the power of determining suits and controversies about monasteries and abbey lands. [1][rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Partialy, this [...]Author
Concept of Author in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined author as follows: The person who creates a copyright work.Aver-corn
Concept of Aver-corn Traditional meaning of aver-corn [1] in the English common law history: A reserved rent in corn, paid to religious houses by their tenants. Aver-land: land ploughed and manured by the tenants. Aver-peny: money paid to be freed from doing the King's averages or carriages; [...]Bacberend
Concept of Bacberend Traditional meaning of bacberend [1] in the Saxon law history: (Carrying on the back.) A term used of a thief caught with the stolen goods. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A [...]Back-bond
Concept of Back-bond Traditional meaning of back-bond [1] in scots law: In Scotch law, a declaration of trust. An indemnification bond. [rtbs name="scottish-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, "Back-bond", Boston: Little, Brown, [...]Bailie
In Scotland the word bailiff has taken the form of bailie, signifying a superior officer or magistrate of a municipal corporation. Bailies, by virtue of their office, are invested with certain judicial and administrative powers within the burgh for which they are appointed. They sit as [...]Balivo Amovendo
English Law: Balivo Amovendo in the Past A writ to remove a bailiff out of his office. [1][rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Partialy, this information about balivo amovendo is based on the Bouvier´s Law Dictionary, 1848 edition. There is a list of [...]Bar
The Bar Definition of Bar In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Bar : 1. A legal impediment. 2. An imaginary barrier in a court of law. Only Queen's Counsel, officers of the court, and litigants in person are allowed between the bar and the *bench [...]Baron
Baron Meaning, as used in the UK Parliament The British Peerage has five ranks or grades. Baron is the fifth and lowest of the ranks. Baron is a title that was created and first given to John Beauchamp de Holt in 1387. History This word, of uncertain origin, was introduced into England at [...]Barton
English Old Law: Barton in the Past The demesne land of a manor; a farm distinct from the mansion. [1][rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Partialy, this information about barton is based on the Bouvier´s Law Dictionary, 1848 edition. There is a list [...]Battel
English Old Law: Battel in the Past In French, Bataille. An ancient and barbarous mode of trial, by Bingle combat, called wager of battel, where, in appeals of felony, the appellee might fight with the appellant to prove his innocence. It was also used in affairs of chivalry or honor and upon [...]Bearers
English Law: Bearers in the Past Such as bear down or oppress others; maintainers. In Ruffhead's Statutes it is employed to translate the French word emparnours, which signifies, according to Kelham, promisers of suits. 4 Ed. III. c. 11. This word is no longer used in this sense. [...]Benchers
Concept of Benchers Traditional meaning of benchers [1] in the English common law history: The governing members of the English Inns of Court. [rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, "Benchers", [...]Beneficio Primo Ecclesiastico Habendo
English Law and Ecclesiastical Law: Beneficio Primo Ecclesiastico Habendo in the Past A writ directed from the king to the chancellor, commanding him to bestow the benefice which must first fall in the king's gift, above or under a certain value, upon a particular and certain person. [...]Bernet
Concept of Bernet Traditional meaning of bernet [1] in the Saxon law history: Arson; any capital offence. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, [...]Betterment
Concept of Betterment Traditional meaning of betterment [1] in the English common law history: A permanent improvement or addition made to lands or houses by the occupant; something more than repairs. Beyond sea, beyond the four seas. Out of the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Out of the [...]Black-mail
Concept of Black-mail The following is an old definition of Black-mail [1], a term which has several meanings:1. Rent reserved in work, grain, or the baser money. Opposed, white rent: rent paid in silver. A rent in grain, cattle, money, or other thing, anciently paid to men of influence, in [...]Blackmail
Definition of Blackmail In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Blackmail : The crime of making an unwarranted demand with menaces for the purpose of financial gain for oneself or someone else or financial loss to the person threatened. The menaces may [...]Blasphemy
Definition of Blasphemy In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Blasphemy : Statements or writings that deny - in an offensive or insulting manner - the truth of the Christian religion, the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, or the existence of God. [...]Blodwite
Concept of Blodwite Traditional meaning of blodwite [1] in the Saxon law history: An amerciament for the shedding of blood. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, [...]Bona Notabilia
English Law and Ecclesiastical Law: Bona Notabilia in the Past Notable goods. When a person dies having at the time of his death, goods in any other diocese, beside's the goods in the diocese where he dies, amounting to the value of five pounds in the whole, he is said to have bona notabilia; [...]Bootlegging
Concept of Bootlegging in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined bootlegging as follows: Making and distributing films or sound recordings that infringe rights in performances on an industrial scale.Border Of Conflict
“There Were Bad Times and There Were Rough Times.” Policing on the Border of Conflict Vicky Conway, from the University of Kent, made a contribution to the 2012 Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, in the category "Crime and Society," under the title "“There Were Bad Times [...]Brand
Concept of Brand in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined brand as follows: The identifying feature of a product or service. It could be a brand name, logo, get-up, initials or other signs,.Bridges
Concept of Brigbote, Brugbote Traditional meaning of brigbote, brugbote [1] in the Saxon law history: A contribution for the repair of bridges. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law [...]Burglary
Definition of Burglary Sec 9 of the theft act 1978 defines the offence of burglary. In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Burglary : The offence, under the Theft Act 1968, of either entering a building, ship, or inhabited vehicle (e.g. a caravan) as a [...]Canon
Concept of Canon Traditional meaning of canon [1] in the English common law history: 1. A law. 2. A prebendary; member of a chapter. Canon law: the law of the Church of Rome as to matters in its jurisdiction, and partly preserved in English ecclesiastical law and admiralty. [rtbs [...]Capacity of A Child in Criminal Law
Resources See Also See doli capax.Capital Punishment
History The modes of capital punishment in England under the Saxon and Danish kings were various: hanging, beheading, burning, drowning, stoning, and precipitation from rocks. The principle on which this British and foreign laws and methods. variety depended was that where an offence was [...]Castle
Concept of Wic, Wyk Traditional meaning of wic, wyk [1] in the Saxon law history: A house, castle, or town. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, [...]Ceapgild
Concept of Ceapgild Traditional meaning of ceapgild [1] in the Saxon law history: Payment, or forfeiture, of an animal. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases [...]Cenegild
Concept of Cenegild Traditional meaning of cenegild [1] in the Saxon law history: A mulct paid by the slayer to the kin of a person slain. Note: For more information on Saxon Law history, see here.[rtbs name="saxon-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary [...]Central Criminal Court
Definition of Central Criminal Court In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Central Criminal Court : The principal *Crown Court for Central London, usually known from its address as the Old Bailey. The Lord Mayor of London and any City aldermen may sit as [...]Cert Money
Concept of Cert Money Traditional meaning of cert money [1] in the English common law history: Head-money paid by tenants to the lords of manors for the keeping of the court-leet. [rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, [...]Chancellor
History The chancellor in England In England the office of chancellor dates back to the reign of Edward the Confessor, the first English king to use the Norman practice of sealing instead of signing documents; and from the Norman Conquest onwards the succession of chancellors is [...]Chancery Division
Definition of Chancery Division In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Chancery Division : The division of the *High Court of Justice created by the Judicature Acts 1873-75 to replace the *Court of Chancery. The work of the Division is principally concerned [...]Charity Punishment
Punishment and Charity: Beyond Contracts, Beyond Foucault Philippa Tomczak, from the The University of Manchester, made a contribution to the 2012 Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, in the category "Crime and Society," under the title "Punishment and Charity: Beyond [...]Chief
Concept of Chief Traditional meaning of chief [1] in the English common law history: Head; lord; principal. Chief justice: the oldest, or presiding judge of a court. The chief justice of England is the chief justice of the K. B. Chief lord : the ultimate or highest lord of the fee, of whom the [...]Child Homicide
Child Homicide in Germany in Families That Had Been Supported by the Youth Welfare Services: What Can we Learn From These Cases for the Improvement of the Welfare System? Ulrike Zaehringer, from the Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony, made a contribution to the 2012 Annual [...]Civil Procedure Rules (“CPR”)
Concept of Civil Procedure Rules (“CPR”) in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined civil procedure rules (“cpr”) as follows: The rules and practice of the Senior Courts and County Court of England and Wales.Claims
Concept of Claims in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined claims as follows: Numbered paragraphs at the end of a specification which sets out the features of the invention.Code Of Laws
Concept of Dombec, Domboc, Sax Traditional meaning of dombec, domboc, sax [1] in the English common law history: A code of laws; the Dome-book, a code of laws and precedents compiled under King Alfred. [rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law [...]Common Assurances
Concept of Common Assurances Traditional meaning of common assurances [1] in the English common law history: Common bail: BAIL. Common bar: Blank bar (see this last concept in this legal reference), Common Bench: the Bench, as distinguished from the King's Bench; the Court of Common Pleas; [...]Community Design
Concept of Community Design in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined community design as follows: The right to prevent others from using a registered Community design or an unregistered Community design conferred by the Community Design Regulation.Community Design Regulation
Concept of Community Design Regulation in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined community design regulation as follows: Council Regulation No 6/2002 of 12 Dec 2001 on Community designsCommunity Punishment In News Media
The “spared Jail Rhetoric”: Constructions of Community Punishment in British News Media Hayes David, from the The University of Nottingham, made a contribution to the 2012 Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, in the category "Punishment and its alternatives," under the [...]Computer Misuse
Resources See Also See hacking. Computer misuse offences This section offers a description about Computer misuse offences in the study of crimes in the English law.Concilium Regis
Concept of Concilium Regis Traditional meaning of concilium regis [1] in the English common law history: An English tribunal temp. Edw. I. and II. composed of sages of the law; see Coke Litt. 304. [rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law [...]Confidante
Concept of Confidante in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined confidante as follows: A person who receives information in confidence.Confidence
Concept of Confidence in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined confidence as follows: An obligation owed by a confidante to a confider neither to use nor disclose confidential information without the confider’s consent.Confidential Information
Resources See Also See breach of confidence.Confider
Concept of Confider in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined confider as follows: A person who discloses information to a confidante in confidence.Consolidated Annuities
Concept of Consols, Consolidated Annuities Traditional meaning of consols, consolidated annuities [1] in the English common law history: The English funded debt. [rtbs name="history-of-english-law"] Resources Notes and References Based on A concise law dictionary of words, phrases and maxims, [...]Conspiracy
Definition of Conspiracy In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Conspiracy : 1. An agreement between two or more people to behave in a manner that will automatically constitute an offence by at least one of them (e.g. two people agree that one of them shall [...]Copyright
Definition of Copyright In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Copyright : The exclusive right to reproduce or authorize others to reproduce artistic, dramatic, literary, or musical works. It is conferred by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, which [...]Copyright Trolling
Sex, Shrugs and Rock N’roll: Peer to Peer Downloading and Copyright Trolling - the Policing of Intellectual Property Cybercrimes? David Wall, from the Durham University, made a contribution to the 2012 Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, in the category "Traditional and [...]Copyright Work
Concept of Copyright work in IP Law [rtbs name="intellectual-property-law"]Lambert defined copyright work as follows: A work in which copyright subsists such as an original artistic, dramatic, literary or musical work, broadcast, film, sound recording or typographical arrangement of a [...]In Perpetual Beta
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